闰6月是什么意思

百度 如画家金城与刻铜名手张寿丞就曾合作制盒，金城笔法工细的花鸟的画稿，经张寿丞功力精湛的刀法刻于盒面，诠释出别具一格的金石之味。

?????? ?????? (??????????: Epistemology ? ???? ???????:?πιστ?μη — ?????,??????? ? λ?γο? — ???)? ????????? ??? ??????????. ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ??????????? ?????????. ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ? ????? ???????????.

?????????

• Annis, David (1978). "A Contextualist Theory of Epistemic Justification". American Philosophical Quarterly. 15: 213–219.
• Ayer, Alfred Jules. 1936. Language, Truth, and Logic.
• BonJour, Laurence. 2002. Epistemology: Classic Problems and Contemporary Responses. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
• Bovens, Luc & Hartmann, Stephan. 2003. Bayesian Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Butchvarov, Panayot. 1970. The Concept of Knowledge. Evanston, Northwestern University Press.
• Cohen, Stewart (1998). "Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems: Skepticism, Gettier, and the Lottery". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 76 (2): 289–306. doi:10.1080/00048409812348411.
• Cohen, Stewart. 1999. "Contextualism, Skepticism, and Reasons", in Tomberlin 1999.
• Dancy, Jonathan. 1991. An Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology (Second Edition). John Wiley & Sons. ??????????? 0-631-13622-3
• DeRose, Keith (1992). "Contextualism and Knowledge Attributions". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 15: 213–219.
• DeRose, Keith. 1999. "Contextualism: An Explanation and Defense", in Greco and Sosa 1999.
• Descartes, Rene. 1641. Meditations on First Philosophy
• Feldman, Richard. 1999. "Contextualism and Skepticism", in Tomberlin 1999, pp. 91–114.
• Gettier, Edmund. 1963. "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", Analysis, Vol. 23, pp. 121–123. Online text.
• Greco, J. & Sosa, E. 1999. Blackwell Guide to Epistemology, Blackwell Publishing.
• Harris, Errol E. 1970. Hypothesis And Perception, George Allen and Unwin, London, Reprinted 2002 Routledge, London.
• Harwood, Sterling (1989). "Taking Skepticism Seriously – And In Context". Philosophical Investigations. 12 (3): 223–233. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9205.1989.tb00275.x.
• Hay, Clare. 2008. The Theory of Knowledge: A Coursebook, The Lutterworth Press, Cambridge. ??????????? 978-0-7188-3088-5
• Hawthorne, John. 2005. "The Case for Closure", Contemporary Debates in Epistemology, Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup (ed.): 26–43.
• Hendricks, Vincent F. 2006. Mainstream and Formal Epistemology, New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Kant, Immanuel. 1781. Critique of Pure Reason.
• Keeton, Morris T. 1962. "Empiricism", in Dictionary of Philosophy, Dagobert D. Runes (ed.), Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ, pp. 89–90.
• Kirkham, Richard. 1984. "Does the Gettier Problem Rest on a Mistake?" Mind, 93.
• Klein, Peter. 1981. Certainty: a Refutation of Skepticism, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
• Kyburg, H.E. 1961. Probability and the Logic of Rational Belief, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
• Korzybski, Alfred. 1994 (1933). Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics, Fifth Edition. Ft. Worth, TX: Institute of General Semantics.
• Lewis, David (1996). "Elusive Knowledge". Australasian Journal of Philosophy. 74 (4): 549–567. doi:10.1080/00048409612347521.
• Morin, Edgar. 1986. La Méthode, Tome 3, La Connaissance de la connaissance (Method, 3rd volume : The knowledge of knowledge)
• Morton, Adam. 2002. A Guide Through the Theory of Knowledge (Third Edition) Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ??????????? 1-4051-0012-5
• Nelson, Quee. 2007. The Slightest Philosophy, Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing, 296 pages.
• Niiniluoto, Ilkka. 2002. Critical Scientific Realism, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
• Plato. Meno.
• Popper, Karl R. 1972. Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
• Preyer, G./Siebelt, F./Ulfig, A. 1994. Language, Mind and Epistemology, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Russell, Bertrand. 1912. The Problems of Philosophy, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Russell, Bertrand. 1940. An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth, Nottingham: Spokesman Books.
• Santayana, George. 1923. Scepticism and Animal Faith, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons – London: Constable and Co.
• Spir, African. 1877. Denken und Wirklichkeit: Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie (Thought and Reality: Attempt at a Renewal of Critical Philosophy), (Second Edition) Leipzig: J.G. Findel.
• Schiffer, Stephen (1996). "Contextualist Solutions to Skepticism". Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. 96: 317–333. doi:10.1093/aristotelian/96.1.317.
• Steup, Matthias. 2005. "Knowledge and Skepticism", Contemporary Debates in Epistemology, Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup (eds.): 1–13.
• Tomberlin, James (ed.). 1999. Philosophical Perspectives 13, Epistemology, Blackwell Publishing.
• Turri, John (2016). Knowledge and the Norm of Assertion: An Essay in Philosophical Science. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers. Open Book Publishers. doi:10.11647/OBP.0083. ISBN 978-1-78374-183-0.
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1922. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Frank P. Ramsey and C.K. Ogden (trns.), Dover. Online text.

????? ???????????

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy articles

• "Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• "Bayesian Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• "Evolutionary Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• "Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• "Naturalized Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• "Social Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• "Virtue Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• "Knowledge How" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Encyclopedia Britannica

• Epistemology by Avrum Stroll and A.P. Martinich

Other links

• The London Philosophy Study Guide Archived 2025-08-04 at the Wayback Machine. offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject: Epistemology & Methodology Archived 2025-08-04 at the Wayback Machine.
• ?????? ?????? at PhilPapers
• Knowledge-How at Philpapers
• ?????? ?????? at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
• What Is Epistemology? – a brief introduction to the topic by Keith DeRose.
• Justified True Belief and Critical Rationalism by Mathew Toll
• Epistemology Introduction, Part 1 and Part 2 by Paul Newall at the Galilean Library.
• Teaching Theory of Knowledge (1986) – Marjorie Clay (ed.), an electronic publication from The Council for Philosophical Studies.
• An Introduction to Epistemology by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners.
• A short film about epistemology, for beginners on ??????