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Martin Luther
Martin Luther
	Martin Luther (1529) by Lucas Cranach the Elder
?????	10 November 1483; ??????, County of Mansfeld, ????? ??? ???? ?????????????
?????	?? ????? ???? (?? ???); ??????, County of Mansfeld, ????? ??? ?????????????
?????	University of Erfurt
????	Friar; Priest; Theologian; Professor;
????? ???	Ninety-five Theses; Luther's Large Catechism; Luther's Small Catechism; On the Freedom of a Christian; On the Bondage of the Will;
????????????(????)	Katharina von Bora
?????????	??? (??????); ???????; ????????; ??????; ???? ????; ???????;
	Theological work
Era	Reformation
Tradition or movement	Lutheranism
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百度　　剥洋葱：选择考零分时候犹豫过吗？　　徐孟南：犹豫过，会担心对不起父母。

?????? ???? (?????:?? ?????? ???? - ?? ????? ????)^[?] ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????^[?] ? ?????????? ????? ???? ????.

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???????'??? Eisleben ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????????'??? ??? ??????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. ?? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ???????? ??? Wittenberg ??????????????'??? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?? ???????. ?? ???????? ????'??? ????-?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ( Johann Tetzel ) ? Wittenberg ?????????? ????? ???? ( ????? ???? ) ??????? .

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???? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????. "????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????" ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????? ??? ? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????????? ????????. ?????? ????'?? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? Wittenberg ????? ?????????'??? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????'?? ? ????? ????? ???? ????’?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????.^[?]

???? ???????? ????'?? ????’?? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????. ?? ??????????? ??????????? ? ????? ????? ??????????. ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????????? ????????. ????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? (????? ??????? ??????) ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????'?? ????????. ??? ??? ????'?? ????? ??????? ????????'?? ???????? ???????'? (Cajetan ) ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ??????????? ? ??????'?? ??????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????-? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????-???? ?????????????'??? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? III. ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????. ???? X. ???? III. ??????? '?? ????’?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????????. ?? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????'?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? (Ingolstadt ) ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ??? (Johann Eck ) ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????.

???????? ? ?????

???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????'?? Deutsche Messe und Ordnung des Gottsdienstes (??????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ??) ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? (??????? ????? ??????? ) ?????? ??????-?? ??? ?????? ? ????????????? ????-???? ??????? ????? ??????? "????? ? ????? ????????"? ?????????. ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??????. ????? Wittenberg ???????? ??????????'??? ???????????? ????????. ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????.

????? ???????????? ( ?????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????)? ???? ????? ???????????-??? ????? ? ?????? ??????'?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? "Wider das Papsttum zu Rom vom Teufel Gestiftet" (????'?? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????) ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????. ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????'?? ??? ? ????? ? ???????????? ?????.

????'?? ????? ???? ????????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ? ????'?? ????????? ? ???-? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????'?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??? ????????: ???? ??? ???????? ????? ? ?????????????'?? (? ??????????? ??????'??) ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ???? ? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????'?? (??????????? ??????'??) ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? '?? ? ??????? ????? ????????'??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????????.

?????????

^ BBC Historic Figures "Martin Luther"
^ Elmer, Peter. Challenges to Authority: The Renaissance in Europe: A Cultural Enquiry,. Volume 3. s. 25
^ Hillerbrand, Hans J. (2007). "Martin Luther: Indulgences and salvation,". Encyclopaedia Britannica

[1] BBC Historic Figures "Martin Luther"

[2] Elmer, Peter. Challenges to Authority: The Renaissance in Europe: A Cultural Enquiry,. Volume 3. s. 25

[3] Hillerbrand, Hans J. (2007). "Martin Luther: Indulgences and salvation,". Encyclopaedia Britannica

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??????????? ? ??????????	???? ????????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? Johannes Brahms ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? Giacomo Puccini ????? ?????? Franz Schubert Igor Stravinsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ?? ????? (???????) Giuseppe Verdi Antonio Vivaldi ???????? ???????? Richard Wagner Edqar Varez Olivye de Messian ???????? Georges Auric Lui Dyurey Artur Onegger Darius Miyo Francis Poulenc Jermena Tayeferr
???????????? ? ???????	???? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? Zheng He
???????? ???????????? ????????????	???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? Galen ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???
????????? ? ??????????	????? ????????? ????? ?? ???? Chanakya ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel ??? ????? ???????? ???? John Maynard Keynes ???? ?? John Locke Niccolò Machiavelli ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? Sima Qian ???? ????? Socrates ???? ???? ??? Ludwig Wittgenstein Zhu Xi
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??????? ? ???????	????? ????? Bioloji materiallar ???????? ????? ??????? Botany ????? ???????? ???????? Endangered species Domestication ??????? Bioloji sistematika Species Metabolism ??? ?????? ????????? Respiratory system Evolution ??????? (?????) ?????????? Gender ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? Endokrin sistemi ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? Muscle ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? Reproduktiv sistem ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? Medicine Z?r?rli v?rdi?l?r Altshaymer X?st?liyi ????? Cholera ????????? Dentistry Disability Korluq Hearing loss ?????????? ??????? (????????) ???? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? Nicotiana tabacum ?????????? ??? ??????? Myocardial infarction ??????? Pis qidalanma Obesity Pandemic ???????????? Benzilpenisillin Pneumonia Poliomyelitis Sexually transmitted infection ???? Stroke Tuberculosis ????? ????? ????????? Chickenpox
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