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James Buchanan
James Buchanan
15th President of the United States
	?????; March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861
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20th United States Minister to the United Kingdom
	?????; August 23, 1853 – March 15, 1856
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17th United States Secretary of State
	?????; March 10, 1845 – March 7, 1849
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United States Senator; from ?????????? ??????
	?????; December 6, 1834 – March 5, 1845
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5th United States Minister to Russia
	?????; June 11, 1832 – August 5, 1833
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???????	John Randolph
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Chairman of the ; House Judiciary Committee
	?????; March 5, 1829 – March 3, 1831
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Member of the; U.S. House of Representatives; from ?????????? ??????
	?????; March 4, 1821 – March 3, 1831
???????	Jacob Hibshman (3rd); James S. Mitchell (4th)
???????	Daniel H. Miller (3rd); William Hiester (4th)
????? ????????	3rd district (1821–1823); 4th district (1823–1831)
Member of the ; Pennsylvania House of Representatives; from Lancaster County
	?????; 1814–1816
???????	Emanuel Reigart, Joel Lightner, Jacob Grosh, John Graff, Henry Hambright, Robert Maxwell
???????	Joel Lightner, Hugh Martin, John Forrey, Henry Hambright, Jasper Slaymaker, Jacob Grosh
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?????	?? ????? ????; Cove Gap, Pennsylvania, U.S.
?????	? ???? ???? (?? ???); ??????? ??????????, U.S.
???????? ????	Woodward Hill Cemetery
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?????????	Harriet Lane, adopted
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?????/?????	Pennsylvania Militia
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?????	Henry Shippen's Company, 1st Brigade, 4th Division
???????????/????????	????-?? ??? ??????; ? Defense of Baltimore

百度岳麓书院经宋、元、明、清四朝,历时千年,弦歌不绝,一代代人才从这里走出。

????? ?????? ?????????? :James buchanan (?????:????? ?????:????) ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??-??? ????????????? . ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????.

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^ Ellis, Franklin; Evans, Samuel (1883). History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Everts & Peck. p. 214.
^ Klein, Philip Shriver (1962). President James Buchanan: A Biography. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 17.
^ Ticknor, Curtis, George (1883). Life of James Buchanan, Fifteenth President of the United States. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers. p. 10. ISBN 9781623768218.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Works cited

Armitage, Susan H.; Faragher, John Mack; Buhle, Mari Jo; Czitrom, Daniel J. (2005). Out of Many, TLC Combined, Revised Printing (4th Edition). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-195130-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????)
Baker, Jean H. (2004). James Buchanan. Times Books. ISBN 0-8050-6946-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????) excerpt and text search
Beatty, Michael A. (2001). County Name Origins of the United States. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1025-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????)
Chadwick, Bruce (2008). 1858: Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant and the War They Failed to See. Sourcebooks, Inc. ISBN 978-1402209413. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????)
Curtis, George Ticknor (1883). Life of James Buchanan: Fifteenth President of the United States. Vol. 2. Harper & Brothers. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????)
Flude, Anthony G. (March 2012). "Manuscript XXIII: A Raiatean Petition for American Protection". The Journal of Pacific History. Canberra: Australian National University. 47 (1): 111–121. doi:10.1080/00223344.2011.632982. OCLC 785915823. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????)
Grossman, Mark (2003). Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-060-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????)
Hall, Timothy L. (2001). Supreme Court justices: a biographical dictionary. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8153-1176-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????)
Klein, Philip Shriver (December 1955). "The Lost Love of a Bachelor President". American Heritage Magazine. 7 (1). 2025-08-04-?? ????????. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????)
Klein, Philip S. (1962). President James Buchanan: A Biography (1995 ed.). American Political Biography Press. ISBN 0-945707-11-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????)
Jurinski, James John (2012). Tax Reform: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-322-4.
McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199743902. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????)
Nevins, Allan (1950). The Emergence of Lincoln: Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859. Scribner. ISBN 9780684104157.
Potter, David Morris (1976). The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861. Harper & Row. ISBN 9780060905248. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????) Pulitzer prize.
Ross, Shelley (1988). Fall from Grace: Sex, Scandal, and Corruption in American Politics from 1702 to the Present. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-35381-8. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????)
Smith, Elbert (1975). The Presidency of James Buchanan. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0132-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????)
Stampp, Kenneth M. (1990). America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195074819. 2025-08-04-?? ????????-?? ??????????????????. 2025-08-04-?? ????????. {{cite book}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= ??? ????????? ????????????? (????); Invalid |ref=harv (????)
Strauss, Robert (2016). Worst. President. Ever.: James Buchanan, the POTUS Rating Game, and the Legacy of the Least of the Lesser Presidents. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781493024841. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????)
Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851099528. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????)
Watson, Robert P. (2012). Affairs of State: The Untold History of Presidential Love, Sex, and Scandal, 1789–1900. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 9781442218369. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (????)

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Binder, Frederick Moore (1992). "James Buchanan: Jacksonian Expansionist". Historian. 55 (1): 69–84. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1992.tb00886.x. ISSN 0018-2370.
Binder, Frederick Moore (1994). James Buchanan and the American Empire. Susquehanna University Press. ISBN 9780945636649.
Birkner, Michael J., ed. (1996). James Buchanan and the Political Crisis of the 1850s. Susquehanna University Press. ISBN 9780945636892.
Meerse, David (1995). "Buchanan, the Patronage, and the Lecompton Constitution: a Case Study". Civil War History. 41 (4): 291–312. doi:10.1353/cwh.1995.0017. ISSN 0009-8078.
Nevins, Allan. The Emergence of Lincoln 2 vols. (1960) highly detailed narrative of his presidency
Nichols, Roy Franklin; The Democratic Machine, 1850–1854 (1923), detailed narrative; online Archived 2025-08-04 at the Wayback Machine.
Quist, John W.; Birkner, Michael J., eds. (2013). James Buchanan and the Coming of the Civil War. University Press of Florida. ISBN 9780813044262.
Rhodes, James Ford (1906). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the End of the Roosevelt Administration. Vol. 2. Macmillan.
Silbey, Joel H. (2014). A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837–1861. Wiley. pp. 397–464. ISBN 9781118609293.
Updike, John (2013) [1974]. Buchanan Dying: A Play. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9780812984910.

??? ?????????

Buchanan, James. Fourth Annual Message to Congress. Archived 2025-08-04 at the Wayback Machine. (1860, December 3).
Buchanan, James. Mr Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion (1866)
National Intelligencer (1859)

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	???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???.

White House biography
United States Congress. ????? ?????? (id: B001005). Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
James Buchanan: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
The James Buchanan papers, spanning the entirety of his legal, political and diplomatic career, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
University of Virginia article: Buchanan biography
Wheatland
James Buchanan Archived 2025-08-04 at the Wayback Machine. at ????? ???????????
Essay on James Buchanan and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
Buchanan's Birthplace State Park, Franklin County, Pennsylvania
"Life Portrait of James Buchanan", from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits, June 21, 1999

Primary sources

Works by ????? ?????? at Project Gutenberg
Works by ????? ?????? at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Works by or about ????? ?????? at Internet Archive
James Buchanan Ill with Dysentery Before Inauguration: Original Letters Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Mr. Buchanans Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion. President Buchanans memoirs.
Inaugural Address Archived 2025-08-04 at the Wayback Machine.
Fourth Annual Message to Congress, December 3, 1860

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[1] Ellis, Franklin; Evans, Samuel (1883). History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Everts & Peck. p. 214.

[2] Klein, Philip Shriver (1962). President James Buchanan: A Biography. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 17.

[3] Ticknor, Curtis, George (1883). Life of James Buchanan, Fifteenth President of the United States. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers. p. 10. ISBN 9781623768218.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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