教育部公布新增审批本科专业
| Alcoholism | |
|---|---|
| ???? ????? | Alcohol dependence syndrome, alcohol use disorder (AUD)[?] |
 | |
| "King Alcohol and His Prime Minister" ??1820 | |
| ???????? | Psychiatry, toxicology, addiction medicine |
| ??????? | Drinking large amounts of alcohol over a long period, difficulty cutting down, acquiring and drinking alcohol taking up a lot of time, usage resulting in problems, withdrawal occurring when stopping[?] |
| ????????? | Mental illness, delirium, Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome, irregular heartbeat, cirrhosis of the liver, cancer, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, suicide[?][?][?][?] |
| ????? | Long term[?] |
| ?????? | Environmental and genetic factors[?] |
| ???? ?????????? | Stress, anxiety, inexpensive, easy access[?][?] |
| ????? ?????? | Questionnaires, blood tests[?] |
| ???????? | Alcohol detoxification typically with benzodiazepines, counselling, acamprosate, disulfiram, naltrexone[?][?][??] |
| ??????? | 208 million / 4.1% adults (2010)[??][??] |
| ??????? | 3.3 million / 5.9%[??] |
???????? ?? ?? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ? ??????? (AUD) ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ? ?? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ???????????: ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????????. ???? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????: ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????. ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? ????????????. ????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????- ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???. ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??. ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????????.[??][?][?][?][?][?][?][??]
????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???. ??????? ????? ???-????? ? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?-? ????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ? ???????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???.[?][?] ???? ?????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????. ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ???? ? ?? ?? ?? ?????????????? ????? ??- ?? ???????? ???? ????????. ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ???????.[?][?][?] ????? ?? ?? ? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???. ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????.[?][?]
??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??. ????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ???. ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ???????. ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????. ???? ??????????? ? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????.[?][?][?] ??????????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????. ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???? "????? ?????????" ????????. ?????????? ?????????? ? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????.
????? ?????? ?????? ????-?? ????? ????? ???? ????? 208 ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? (?.??% -? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????). ????-?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? (?%) ????? ? ??-?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?.? ?????? (?.?%) ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ????????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ???????. ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? (?.?% ?????) ?? ?? ???????? ? ???? ???????? (??%) ?? ??? ???????????. ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????-?? ????? ????????. ????-?? ??? ?? ?????? ?????.[??][?][?] ?.? ?????? ????? (???% ?????) ?????? ??????? ???. ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????.[??] ???? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????.[??] ????-?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? "????????" ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? "????? ????? ???????" ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????.
?????????:
[????????]- ^ Alcoholism MeSH Descriptor Data 2020. ???????????9 May 2020.
- ^ ??? ??? ??? ??? Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5 (November 2013). ????????? ???? ???????? on 18 May 2015. ???????????9 May 2015.
- ^ Fetal Alcohol Exposure (14 September 2011). ????????? ???? ???????? on 4 April 2015. ???????????9 May 2015.
- ^ ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? Association, American Psychiatric (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 (5 ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. pp. 490–97. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.
- ^ ??? ??? Alcohol's Effects on the Body (14 September 2011). ????????? ???? ???????? on 3 June 2015. ???????????9 May 2015.
- ^ Borges, G; Bagge, CL; Cherpitel, CJ; Conner, KR; Orozco, R; Rossow, I (April 2017). "A meta-analysis of acute use of alcohol and the risk of suicide attempt". Psychological Medicine. 47 (5): 949–957. doi:10.1017/S0033291716002841. PMC 5340592. PMID 27928972.
- ^ Moonat, S; Pandey, SC (2012). "Stress, epigenetics, and alcoholism". Alcohol Research : Current Reviews. 34 (4): 495–505. PMC 3860391. PMID 23584115.
- ^ Morgan-Lopez, AA; Fals-Stewart, W (May 2006). "Analytic complexities associated with group therapy in substance abuse treatment research: problems, recommendations, and future directions". Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 14 (2): 265–73. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.14.2.265. PMC 4631029. PMID 16756430.
- ^ ??? ??? ??? ??? Blondell, RD (February 2005). "Ambulatory detoxification of patients with alcohol dependence". Am Fam Physician. 71 (3): 495–502. PMID 15712624.
- ^ Testino, G; Leone, S; Borro, P (December 2014). "Treatment of alcohol dependence: recent progress and reduction of consumption". Minerva Medica. 105 (6): 447–66. PMID 25392958.
- ^ ???? ???? ???? Global status report on alcohol and health 2014 (PDF). World Health Organization. 2014. pp. 8, 51. ISBN 978-92-4-069276-3. 13 April 2015-?? ????????????? ?????????????? (PDF).
{{cite book}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=??? ????????? ????????????? (????) - ^ Global Population Estimates by Age, 1950–2050 (30 January 2014). ????????? ???? ???????? on 10 May 2015. ???????????10 May 2015.
- ^ ???? ???? Alcohol Facts and Statistics. ????????? ???? ???????? on 18 May 2015. ???????????9 May 2015.
- ^ Littrell, Jill (2014). Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism: Volume Ii: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-317-78314-5. 20 July 2017-?? ????????-?? ??????????????????.
The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems
{{cite book}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=??? ????????? ????????????? (????) - ^ Chambers English Thesaurus. Allied Publishers. p. 175. ISBN 978-81-86062-04-3. 25 July 2020-?? ????????-?? ??????????????????. 26 June 2020-?? ????????.
{{cite book}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=??? ????????? ????????????? (????)